ABSTRACT Background: Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) is associated with an ominous outcome influenced by the time to hospital presentation. Objective: This study aims to identify the factors that influence an early hospital arrival after ICH and the relationship with outcome. Methods: In this multicenter registry, patients with confirmed ICH on CT scan and well-known time of symptoms onset were studied. Clinical data, arrival conditions, and prognostic scores were analyzed. Multivariate models were built to find independent predictors of < 6 h arrival (logistic regression) and in-hospital death (Cox proportional-hazards model). Results: Among the 473 patients analyzed (51% women, median age 63 years), the median delay since onset to admission was 6.25 h (interquartile range: 2.5-24 h); 7.8% arrived in < 1 h, 26.3% in < 3 h, 45.3% in < 6 h, and 62.3% in < 12 h. The in-hospital, 30-day and 90-day case fatality rates were 28.8%, 30.0%, and 32.6%, respectively. Predictors of arrival in < 6 h were hypertension treatment (odds ratios [OR]: 1.675, 95% confidence intervals [CI]: 1.030-2.724), ≥ 3 years of schooling (OR: 1.804, 95% CI: 1.055-3.084), and seizures at ICH onset (OR: 2.416, 95% CI: 1.068-5.465). Predictors of death (56.9% neurological) were systolic blood pressure > 180 mmHg (hazards ratios [HR]: 1.839, 95% CI: 1.031-3.281), ICH score ≥ 3 (HR: 2.302, 95% CI: 1.300-4.074), and admission Glasgow Coma Scale < 8 (HR: 4.497, 95% CI: 2.466-8.199). Early arrival was not associated with outcome at discharge, 30 or 90 days. Conclusions: In this study, less than half of patients with ICH arrived to the hospital in < 6 h. However, early arrival was not associated with the short-term outcome in this data set.

Abstract Introduction: POEMS syndrome (polyneuropathy, organomegaly, endocrinopathy, monoclonal protein, skin changes) is a monoclonal gammopathy with polyneuropathy as a mandatory criterion. Objective: To describe potential associations between clinical expression and electrodiagnostic patterns in POEMS syndrome. Method: Observational, retrospective, and cross-sectional study of cases cared in a referral center diagnosed with POEMS syndrome from 2009-2019. Results: Eleven cases (8 men) were analyzed. Median age at diagnosis was 40 years (range: 31–51, mean: 37.19 ± 15.67 years). Mean latency at diagnosis was 9.7 ± 8.37 months. In all subjects, initial clinical manifestation was polyneuropathy. Most patients had an axonal pattern (n = 5), followed by demyelinating (n = 4), and mixed (n = 2). Monoclonal gammopathy was observed in all patients (6 λ, and 5 κ cases, immunoglobulin [Ig] G: 72%, IgA: 18%, IgM: 9%). Medical Research Council sum score was lower in the axonal pattern (median: 37.00, vs. 45.5, p = 0.024). There were no differences in the systemic involvement between electrophysiological patterns. Conclusion: Electrophysiological patterns are unlikely to have a clear extra-neurological clinical correspondence; however this will need to be definitively proven with a larger sample size.

Resumen Introducción: El síndrome POEMS (polyneuropathy, organomegaly, endocrinopathy, monoclonal protein, skin changes) es una gammapatía monoclonal con polineuropatía como criterio obligatorio. Objetivo: Describir las potenciales asociaciones entre la expresión clínica y los patrones de electrodiagnóstico en el síndrome POEMS. Método: Estudio observacional, retrospectivo y transversal de los casos atendidos en un centro de referencia con diagnóstico de síndrome de POEMS de 2009 a 2019. Resultados: Se analizó a 11 pacientes (8 hombres). La mediana de la edad al diagnóstico fue de 40 años (rango: 31-51, media: 37.19 ± 15.67 años). La latencia media al diagnóstico fue de 9.7 ± 8.37 meses. En todos la manifestación clínica inicial fue la polineuropatía. La mayoría de los pacientes presentaron un patrón axonal (n = 5), seguido del desmielinizante (n = 4) y mixto (n = 2). La gammapatía monoclonal se observó en todos (6 casos l λ 5 κ, inmunoglobulina [Ig] G: 72%, IgA: 18%, IgM: 9%). El Medical Research Council sum score fue menor en el patrón axonal (medianas: 37.00 vs. 45.5, p = 0.024). No se presentaron diferencias en la afección sistémica entre patrones electrofisiológicos. Conclusión: Es poco probable que los patrones electrofisiológicos tengan una correspondencia clínica extraneurológica clara, sin embargo, esto deberá probarse de forma definitiva con un mayor tamaño de muestra.

ABSTRACT Background: The recognition of stroke symptoms by patients or bystanders directly affects the outcomes of patients with acute cerebrovascular disease. Objective: The objective of the study was to assess the predictive value of the medical history and clinical features recognized by the patients’ bystanders to classify neurovascular syndromes in pre-hospital settings. Methods: We included 150 stroke patients of two Mexican referral centers: 50 with acute ischemic stroke (AIS), 50 with intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH), and 50 with subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). The performance of clinical prediction rules (CPR) to identify the stroke types was evaluated with features recognized by the patients’ bystanders before hospital arrival. The impact of CPRs on early arrival and in-hospital mortality was also analyzed. Results: Overall, 72% of the patients had previous medical evaluations in other centers before final referral to our hospitals, and therefore, only 45% had a final onset-to-door time <6 h, even when the first medical assessment had occurred in ≤1 h in 75% of cases. Clinical features noticed by the patients’ bystanders had low positive predictive values (PPV) for any stroke type. The CPR “language or speech disorder + focal motor deficit” had 93% sensitivity and a negative predictive value (NPV) of 84% to distinguish AIS. In SAH, headache alone showed a sensitivity of 84% and NPV of 97%. No CPR had an adequate performance on ICH. CPRs were not associated with final onset-to-door time. Altered consciousness, age ≥65 years, indirect arrival with stops before final referral, and atrial fibrillation increased in-hospital mortality. Conclusion: Clinical features referred by the witness of a neurovascular emergency have limited PPV, but adequate NPV in ruling-out AIS and SAH among stroke types. The use of CPRs had no impact on onset-to-door time or in-hospital mortality when the final arrival to a third-level center occurs with previous medical referrals.

Abstract Background: The term sural sparing (SS) consists of the early finding in the nerve conduction studies (NCS) of patients with Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS) of the preservation or normality of the sural nerve with abnormality in sensory nerves of thoracic limbs. Its pathophysiology lies in the greater vulnerability to demyelinating sensory damage in distal segments of the hand than proximally in the calf. The SS is highly specific of acute inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy (AIDP) and is occasionally found in acute motor/sensory axonal neuropathy (AMAN/AMSAN). Objective: We aim to describe the prevalence of SS among the forms of GBS in patients hospitalized in our institute. Materials and methods: We reviewed 61 cases of confirmed GBS (19 demyelinating, 25 axonal, and 17 unclassified forms) corresponding to the 1999-2017 period. Exclusion criteria were as follows: NCS report not available or performed 21 days after the onset of symptoms, chemotherapy in the past 2 years, and/or previous polyneuropathy. SS was defined as the preserved amplitude in sensory action potentials (SAPs) of the sural nerve with abnormal findings in median and/or ulnar nerve SAPs. Results: Thirty patients (21 men, mean 45.5 ± 21.2 years) met the selection criteria, distributed in 12 AIDP, 3 Miller-Fisher syndromes, 9 AMAN, and 6 AMSAN. The NCS was performed 9.1 ± 6.0 days from debut. There were no significant differences in demographic variables or in the amplitude of SAPs between demyelinating and axonal forms. Two patients with AIDP presented SS (16.7%), which was not observed in any other form of GBS. Conclusion: We conclude that, despite the high specificity of SS for AIDP, its low prevalence and the high prevalence of axonal forms in Mexican population suggest that SS is not a suitable electrophysiological screening parameter for differentiating forms of GBS.

Resumen Antecedentes: La preservación sural (PS) es muy específica de la polirradiculoneuropatía desmielinizante inflamatoria aguda (PDIA) y se encuentra de modo ocasional en la neuropatía axonal motora/sensorial aguda (NAM/NASA). Objetivo: Describir la prevalencia de PS entre las formas del síndrome de Guillain-Barré (SGB) en pacientes hospitalizados en la institución de los autores. Material y métodos: Se revisaron 61 casos de SGB confirmados (19 formas desmielinizantes, 25 axonales y 17 no clasificadas) correspondientes al período 1999-2017. Resultados: No se observaron diferencias significativas en las variables demográficas o la amplitud de los potenciales de acción sensorial (PAS) entre las formas desmielinizantes y axo-nales. Dos pacientes con PDIA presentaron PS (16.7%), que no se observó en ninguna otra forma del SGB. Conclusión: A pesar de la alta especificidad de PS para PDIA, su baja prevalencia y la elevada prevalencia de formas axonales en la población mexicana sugieren que la PS no es un parámetro de detección electrofisiológico adecuado para diferenciar las modalidades del SGB.

Abstract Introduction: Atherosclerotic carotid artery disease (CAD) is a major risk factor for cerebrovascular disease. Objective: To analyze the association of major vascular risk factors with atherosclerotic CAD and white matter disease (WMD) in patients without a history of ischemic stroke. Method: Risk factors were assessed with carotid examination using Doppler duplex ultrasound. Cases with a history cerebral infarction or transient ischemic attack were not included. Subjects had brain magnetic resonance imaging scans available and those with large-artery ischemic lesions were excluded. Multivariate models were constructed for the prediction of atherosclerotic CAD, significant carotid stenosis, atheroma burden and WMD. Results: One-hundred and forty-five subjects were assessed (60.7% were females, mean age was 73 years). Atherosclerotic CAD was documented in 54.5%, carotid stenosis ≥ 50% in 9.0%, > 6 atheroma plaques in 7.6%, and periventricular or subcortical WMD in 28.3% (20.6% had atherosclerotic CAD and WMD concurrently). Risk factors independently associated with atherosclerotic CAD were age and hypertension; hypertension was associated with ≥ 50% carotid stenosis; age was associated with > 6 atheroma plaques; and age, diabetes and hypertension were associated with WMD. Obesity was not associated with any of the analyzed independent variables. Conclusions: In asymptomatic subjects without a history of ischemic stroke, age and hypertension were the most important risk factors for macrovascular disease. Diabetes mellitus was associated with microvascular disease. Obesity alone was not a major determinant of CAD or WMD.

Resumen Introducción: La enfermedad carotídea aterosclerosa (ECA) es un factor de riesgo importante para enfermedad vascular cerebral. Objetivo: Analizar la asociación entre factores de riesgo vascular mayores con ECA y leucopatía cerebral en pacientes sin historia de ictus isquémico. Método: Se evaluaron factores de riesgo en sujetos con exploración de carótidas mediante ultrasonografía Doppler dúplex. No se incluyeron casos con historia de infarto cerebral o ataque isquémico transitorio. Los sujetos contaron con resonancia magnética cerebral y se excluyeron aquellos con lesiones isquémicas de grandes vasos. Se construyeron modelos multivariable para la predicción de ECA, estenosis carotídea significativa, carga de ateromas y leucopatía cerebral. Resultados: Se estudiaron 145 sujetos (60.7 % mujeres, edad de 73 años). Se documentó ECA en 54.5 %, estenosis carotídea ≥ 50 % en 9 %, carga de placas de ateroma > 6 en 7.6 % y leucopatía periventricular o subcortical en 28.3 % (20.6 % tenían concurrentemente ECA y leucopatía). Los factores asociados independientemente con ECA fueron edad e hipertensión; con estenosis ≥ 50 %, hipertensión; con cargas de ateromas > 6 placas, edad; con leucopatía, edad, diabetes e hipertensión. La obesidad no se asoció con las variables independientes analizadas. Conclusiones: En los sujetos asintomáticos sin historia de ictus isquémico, la edad y la hipertensión fueron los factores de riesgo más importantes para enfermedad macrovascular. La diabetes mellitus se asoció con enfermedad microvascular. La obesidad por sí sola no fue un determinante mayor de ECA o leucopatía cerebral.

RESUMEN INTRODUCCIÓN: El manejo endovascular de la estenosis de la arteria vertebral en pacientes con infarto cerebral recurrente continúa siendo un tema con múltiples lagunas de conocimiento debido a la poca evidencia científica con la que se cuenta en la actualidad. CASOS CLÍNICOS: Se informan dos casos típicos de estenosis vertebral y recurrencia de infarto cerebral cerebral manejados con dispositivos endovasculares alternativos a los utilizados en la actualidad (stent balón expandible medicado con zotarolimus), con desenlaces clínicos e imagenológicos satisfactorios. Se describe la técnica usada, la condición clínica y se ilustran los resultados angiográficos. CONCLUSIÓN: A la luz de las nuevas generaciones de dispositivos y técnicas neuroendovasculares, consideramos que debe realizarse una evaluación cuidadosa e individual de los pacientes con recurrencia de enfermedad cerebrovascular y estenosis vertebral, a pesar de un manejo médico optimizado. Aún se requieren estudios conrolados que permitan la uniformidad futura en la selección de pacientes y la toma de decisiones.

SUMMARY INTRODUCTION: Endovascular management of vertebral artery stenosis in patients with recurrent cerebral infarction remains a topic with multiple gaps in knowledge because of poor scientific evidence is available today. REPORT OF CASES: Here are reported two typical cases of cerebral infarction recurrence due to vertebral artery stenosis managed with new endovascular devices (balloon-expandable-stent medicated with zotaroli-mus), with satisfactory clinical and neuroimaging outcomes. Herein it is described the technique used and the angiographic findings are illustrated. CONCLUSION: In light of new devices and neurointerventional techniques, we consider that it should be done a careful and individual evaluation of patients with vertebral stenosis and stroke recurrence despite an optimized medical management. It is still required more studies that allow future consistency in the selection of patients and decision making.

INTRODUCTION: It is increasingly important to recognize the reward and aversion systems of the brain as a functional unit. A fundamental task of the mammalian brain is to assign an emotional/motivational valence to any stimuli by determining whether they are rewarding and should be approached or are aversive and should be avoided. Internal stimuli are also assigned an emotional/motivational valence in a similar fashion. OBJECTIVE: To understand the basic mechanisms and functions of the reward and aversion system of the brain. METHOD: A bibliographical search was conducted in the Pubmed database using different key words. Documents on relevant aspects of the topic were selected. RESULTS: In the ventral tegmental area, dopaminergic (VTA-DA) neurons play a role in reward-dependent behaviors. It is also known that the inhibition of the VTA-DA neurons by GABAergic neurons contributes to a reward prediction error calculation that promotes behaviors associated with aversion. The ventral dopaminergic mesolimbic system and the nucleus accumbens are activated during reward and inhibited during aversions. The amygdala is activated during aversive behavior. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: The reward/aversion system is highly relevant for survival, which is most likely its primary function. It is involved in important pathologies such as addiction, depression and autonomic and endocrine disturbances. Therefore, its knowledge has become of clinical importance. Although great advances have been made in the knowledge of the basic mechanisms of the reward/aversion system, the detailed circuits within the VTA that mediate reward and aversion and the anatomical substrates are not completely clear.

INTRODUCCIÓN: Es muy importante reconocer el sistema de recompensa y aversión del cerebro como una unidad funcional. Una de las funciones fundamentales del cerebro de los mamíferos es la capacidad para designar un valor emocional/motivacional a cualquier estímulo. Esta capacidad permite identificar un estímulo como gratificante y aproximarnos a él, o reconocerlo como aversivo y evitarlo. OBJETIVO: Comprender los mecanismos fisiológicos del sistema de recompensa-aversión. MÉTODO: Se realizó una búsqueda bibliográfica en la base de datos Pubmed con las diferentes palabras clave. Se seleccionaron los documentos sobre los aspectos relevantes. RESULTADOS: Las neuronas dopaminérgicas del área tegmental ventral (ATV) cumplen un papel importante en los comportamientos dependientes de la recompensa. Asimismo, la inhibición de las neuronas dopaminérgicas ATV por parte de las neuronas GABAérgicas contribuye a predecir la recompensa y promueve comportamientos aversivos. Este sistema se activa durante actividades de recompensa y se inhibe durante la aversión. La amígdala es la principal estructura relacionada con la aversión. DISCUSIÓN Y CONCLUSIÓN: Este sistema se considera de gran importancia para la supervivencia de las especies, la que parece ser su función primordial. Interviene en distintas patologías como adicciones, depresión, trastorno por estrés postraumático, fobias y trastornos endocrinos y autonómicos, por lo que el conocimiento de este sistema es de gran importancia clínica. Aunque se ha avanzado mucho en el estudio y entendimiento de este sistema y de sus circuitos anatómicos ubicados en el ATV mesencefálica y sus conexiones con áreas subcorticales, el conocimiento de este sistema funcional sigue siendo un desafío científico.

Objective: To obtain a blood pressure reading is mandatory during either the general or specialized physical examination. This study describes factors associated with the accomplishment of blood pressure measurement in the first neurological consultation. Methods: We studied first ambulatory neurology consultations in a Mexican referral hospital. Demographic characteristics, diagnostic category of referral, final diagnosis and data on physical examination were collected to establish a logistic regression analysis in order to identify factors associated with the accomplishment of blood pressure measurement. Results: Over 8 months 778 outpatients were studied. The most frequent diagnoses for first consultation were headache (26%), epilepsy (14%) and stroke (13%). Only in 39% (n = 301) of the outpatients blood pressure was registered, among them, 30% had normal blood pressure, 43% had 121-139/81-89mmHg, 20% had 140-159/90-99mmHg and 7% had ≥ 160/100mmHg. The independent factors that favored the practice of BP determination in multivariable analysis were >65 years of age (odds ratio: 2.26; 95% confidence interval: 1.52-3.36) and headache complaint (odds ratio: 1.81, 95% confidence interval: 1.30-2.53). Notably, only 43% of patients with stroke had blood pressure registration, even when these stroke patients had blood pressure readings, they had higher blood pressure than with other diagnoses (p< 0.05). Conclusion: Blood pressure registration was frequently omitted from the first neurological consultation, particularly in outpatients who might need it the most.

Objetivo: La medición de la presión arterial es mandatoria durante el examen físico general o especializado. Este estudio describe factores asociados al cumplimiento de la medición de la presión arterial en la primera consulta neurológica. Métodos: Realizamos un estudio sobre consultas neurológicas ambulatorias en un hospital de referencia mexicano. Se recolectaron características demográficas, categoría diagnóstica de referencia, diagnóstico final y datos sobre el examen físico para construir un análisis de regresión logística con el objetivo de identificar factores asociados con el cumplimiento de la medición de la presión arterial. Resultados: Durante 8 meses estudiamos a 778 pacientes. Los diagnósticos de envío más frecuentes fueron cefalea (26%), epilepsia (14%) y enfermedad cerebrovascular (13%). Solo en el 39% (n = 301) de los pacientes se midió la presión arterial y, de entre ellos, el 30% presentaron presión arterial normal, el 43% 121-139/81-89mmHg, el 20% 140-159/90-99mmHg y el 7% ≥ 160/100 mmHg. En un análisis multivariable, la edad > 65 años (razón de momios: 2.26, intervalo de confianza del 95%: 1.52-3.36) y cefalea como motivo de consulta (razón de momios: 1.81, intervalo de confianza del 95%: 1.30-2.53) fueron los factores independientes asociados al registro de la presión arterial. De manera notable, solo al 43% de los pacientes con enfermedad cerebrovascular se les había registrado la presión sanguínea; estos pacientes la tenían más elevada que los pacientes con otros diagnósticos (p <0.05). Conclusión: En este estudio con frecuencia se omitió el registro de la presión arterial en la primera consulta neurológica, especialmente en pacientes que podrían necesitarlo más.

Introducción: la enfermedad carotídea aterosclerosa (ECA) es causa del 15% de los infartos cerebrales. Su prevalencia podría ser alta en la población latinoamericana, pero esta información es escasa. Objetivos: describir la prevalencia, severidad y factores de riesgo de la ECA en población mexicana que asiste a un hospital de tercer nivel de atención. Materiales y Métodos: se revisaron 545 expedientes clínicos de pacientes a quienes se les realizó ultrasonido de carótidas, en un período de 23 meses. Se analizó la prevalencia y severidad de la ECA, y se compararon los factores de riesgo entre pacientes con y sin esta patología. Resultados: la prevalencia de ECA fue del 54.7% (IC95°/o: 50.5% al 58.8%): leve 48% y moderada-severa 7%. Los factores de riesgo más frecuentes fueron hipertensión arterial (64.8%, ECA moderada-severa: 86.8%), edad mayor o igual a 65 años (64.4%, ECA moderada-severa: 84.2%), hipercolesterolemia (47.5%, ECA moderada-severa: 60.5%) y diabetes mellitus (40%, ECA moderada-severa: 44.7%). Un 29% tenían historia de infarto cerebral. La mayoría de los pacientes recibieron estatinas o fibratos (68.3%, ECA moderada-severa: 86.8%), antiagregantes (62%, ECA moderada a severa: 86.8%) e inhibidores de la enzima convertidora de angiotensina (42.8%, ECA moderada-severa: 71.1%). De los 38 pacientes con ECA moderada-severa, 13 (34.2%) se sometieron a revascularización carotídea (12 endarterectomía y 1 endoprótesis más angioplastia). Conclusiones: la prevalencia de ECA en esta población mexicana es similar a la informada en otros países. La mayoría de los pacientes son manejados conservadoramente. Debe hacerse énfasis en el control de factores de riesgo cardiovascular asociados a la ECA.

Introduction: carotid atherosclerotic disease (CAD) is cause of about 15% of acute strokes. Its prevalence could be high in the Latin American population, but this information, in general, is largely unknown. Objetive: to describe the prevalence, severity and risk factors of CAD in a Mexican population from a third-level referral center. Materials and Methods: a total of 545 clinical records of patients who received carotid ultrasound in a period of 23 months were reviewed. We analyzed the prevalence and severity of CAD, and compared risk factors between patients with and without this condition. Results: the general prevalence of CAD was 54.7% (95% confidence interval: 50.5% to 58.8%): mild 48% and moderate-severe 7%. The most frequent risk factors were hypertension (64.8%, moderate-severe CAD: 86.8%), hypercholesterolemia (47.5%, moderate-severe CAD: 60.5%) and diabetes mellitus (40%, moderate-severe CAD: 44.7%). Twenty nine percent of patients had history of cerebral infarction. Most patients received statins and/or fibrates (68.3%, moderate-severe CAD: 86.8%), antiplatelets (62%, moderate-severe CAD: 86.8%) and angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (42.8%, moderate-severe CAD: 71.1%). Among the 38 patients with moderate-severe CAD, 13 (34.2%) received carotid revascularization (12 endarterectomy and 1 angioplasty plus stenting). Conclusion: the prevalence of CAD in this Mexican population is similar to that reported in other countries. Most patients are treated conservatively. Emphasis should be made on optimal control of cardiovascular risk factors associated with CAD.

Objective: To analyze the association between the admission systolic blood pressure (SBP) and 30-day outcome in patients with acute cerebrovascular disease. Methods: The REgistro NAcional Mexicano de Enfermedad VAScular Cerebral (RENAMEVASC) is a hospital-based multicenter registry performed between November 2002 and October 2004. A total of 2000 patients with clinical syndromes of acute cerebrovascular disease confirmed by neuroimaging were registered. The modified Rankin scale was used for outcome stratification. Results: We analyzed 1721 patients who had registered their SBP: 78 (4.5%) had transient ischemic attack, 894 (51.9%) brain infarction, 534 (30.9%) intracerebral hemorrhage, 165 (9.6%) subarachnoid hemorrhage and 50 (2.9%) cerebral venous thrombosis. Among 1036 (60.2%) patients with the antecedent of hypertension, only 32.4% had regular treatment. The 30-day case fatality rate presented a J pattern with respect to SBP, so that the risk of death was highest in <100 mmHg (37.5%), decreased between 100 and 139, and reached gradually a new zenith in >220 mmHg (35.3%). The best functional outcome corresponded to patients who had SBP between 100 mmHg and 159 mmHg. In a Cox proportional hazards model, SBP <100 mmHg or >220 mmHg was an independent risk factor for 30-day mortality (RR: 1.52, IC 95%: 1.07 - 2.15), as well as the antecedent of hypertension (RR: 1.33, IC 95%: 1.06 - 1.65) and age >65 years (RR: 2.16, IC 95%: 1.74 - 2.67). Conclusion: Both hypotension and significant arterial hypertension at hospital admission are associated with an adverse outcome after acute cerebrovascular disease. Nevertheless, a good functional outcome can be attained in a wide range of SBP.

Objetivo: Analizar la asociación de la presión arterial sistólica (PAS) al ingreso hospitalario y la evolución clínica a 30 días en pacientes con enfermedad vascular cerebral (EVC) aguda. Métodos: El REgistro NAcional Mexicano de Enfermedad VAScular Cerebral (RENAMEVASC) es un registro hospitalario multicéntrico realizado de noviembre de 2002 a octubre de 2004. Se registraron 2000 pacientes con distintos síndromes clínicos de EVC aguda confirmados por neuroimagen. La estratificación de la evolución clínica se realizó mediante la escala de Rankin modificada. Resultados: Se analizaron 1721 pacientes con registro de la PAS: 78 (4.5%) con isquemia cerebral transitoria, 894 (51.9%) con infarto cerebral, 534 (30.9%) con hemorragia intracerebral, 165 (9.6%) con hemorragia subaracnoidea y 50 (2.9%) con trombosis venosa cerebral. De los 1036 (60.2%) pacientes con el antecedente de hipertensión, sólo 32.4% tenía un tratamiento regular. La tasa de mortalidad a 30 días presentó un patrón en J con respecto a la PAS, de tal manera que el riesgo de muerte fue máximo en <100 mmHg (37.5%), descendió entre 100 mmHg y 139 mmHg, para alcanzar gradualmente un nuevo cenit en >220 mmHg (35.3%). El mejor desenlace funcional correspondió a los pacientes que tuvieron una PAS entre 100 mmHg y 159 mmHg. Mediante un modelo de riesgos proporcionales de Cox se encontró que una PAS <100 mmHg o >220 mmHg fue un factor independiente de riesgo de muerte a 30 días (RR: 1.52, IC 95%: 1.07 - 2.15), al igual que el antecedente de hipertensión (RR: 1.33, IC 95%: 1.06 - 1.65) y edad >65 años (RR: 2.16, IC 95%: 1.74 - 2.67). Conclusión: Tanto la hipotensión como la hipertensión arterial significativa al ingreso hospitalario se asocian a un pronóstico adverso en la EVC aguda. No obstante, un buen pronóstico funcional se puede lograr en un amplio rango de cifras de PAS.

INTRODUÇÃO: devido aos resultados clínicos não satisfatórios com instrumentações posteriores nos casos de tumor vertebral e às carências econômicas dos nossos pacientes para adquirir os sistemas disponíveis no mercado, foi desenhada uma prótese de corpo vertebral para estabilizar a coluna depois de uma corpectomia. OBJETIVO: descrever as características estruturais e funcionais da prótese JR, as provas biomecânicas no cadáver e a técnica cirúrgica no paciente. MÉTODOS: primeiro foi realizado um estudo anatômico detalhado dos corpos vertebrais. Obteve-se o desenho de um dispositivo modular, anatômico e expansível. Seus componentes uma vez ensamblados fazem um implante com função dual de jaula e placa lateral expansível. Posteriormente, realizou-se um ensaio de propriedades biomecânicas em cadáver e se implantou um dispositivo num paciente com metástase no corpo vertebral. RESULTADOS: as radiografias que foram tiradas do cadáver, posterior à colocação do implante não mostraram perda da fixação. Ao levantar o cadáver se geraram momentos de flexão no sentido lateral com braços de palanca de 80 cm de longitude, neste caso a prótese foi desafiada no seu ponto mais vulnerável com uma força de aproximadamente 588 N. Com a rotação, flexão e extensão forçadas, a estabilidade se conservou e não foram visualizados movimentos do implante. Colocou-se o dispositivo numa mulher de 50 anos com câncer metastático de tiroides que afeitava L3. A dor melhorou nos pós-operatório imediato, assim como sua função motora, a qual permitiu que a paciente caminhasse com uma coluna estável e indolor por sete anos. Não se observou fracasso do implante. CONCLUSÃO: a função dual de jaula e placa integrada na prótese de corpo vertebral estabelece uma vantagem mecânica comparada com a função de jaula e placa separadamente, uma vez que o desenho da prótese permite aplicar força axial e fixação lateral ao mesmo tempo, por meio de um só implante. Os resultados da colocação do implante no paciente foram satisfatórios.

INTRODUCTION: due to the unsatisfactory results obtained with posterior instrumentations in cases of vertebral tumors and to the economical limitations of our patients for acquiring the systems available in the market, a vertebral body prosthesis to stabilize the spine after corpectomy was designed. OBJECTIVE: to describe the structural and functional characteristics of the JR prosthesis, the biomechanical assays in cadaver and the surgical technique on the patient. METHODS: firstly, it was performed a detailed anatomical study of the vertebral bodies. A design of a modular, anatomical and expandable device was obtained. Its components once assembled make an implant with expandable cage and plate dual function. Afterwards, a biomechanical assay was performed in a cadaver and the device was implanted in a patient with vertebral body metastasis. RESULTS: the radiographs extracted from the cadaver after implant location did not show loss of fixation. When the cadaver was raised, flexion moments were generated laterally with levers 80 cm long; therefore, the prosthesis was demanded in its most vulnerable point with a force of approximately 588 N. With rotation, flexion and extensions forced, stability was preserved and no movement was observed. The device was implanted in a 50-year-old woman with metastatic thyroid cancer affecting L3. Pain improved in the postoperative immediate, as well as its motor function, which allowed her to walk with a stable and painless spine for seven years. No implant failure was observed. CONCLUSION: the dual cage function and plate integrated in a single device offers a mechanical advantage, compared with the cages and plates used separately, since the prosthesis design permits to apply a distraction axial force with lateral fixation at the same time, through one implant. The results of the implant placement in the patient were satisfactory.

INTRODUCCIÓN: debido a los resultados clínicos no satisfactorios con instrumentaciones posteriores en los casos de tumor vertebral y a las carencias económicas de nuestros pacientes para adquirir los sistemas disponibles en el mercado, fue diseñada una prótesis de cuerpo vertebral para estabilizar la columna después de una corpectomía. OBJETIVO: describir las características estructurales y funcionales de la prótesis JR, las pruebas biomecánicas en cadáver y la técnica quirúrgica en el paciente. MÉTODOS: primeramente fue realizado un estudio anatómico detallado de los cuerpos vertebrales. Se obtuvo el diseño de un dispositivo modular, anatómico y expandible. Sus componentes una vez ensamblados hacen un implante con función dual de jaula y placa lateral expandibles. Posteriormente se efectuó un ensayo de propiedades biomecánicas en cadáver y se implantó un dispositivo en un paciente con metástasis en cuerpo vertebral. RESULTADOS: las radiografías que le fueron tomadas al cadáver, posterior a la colocación del implante, no mostraron pérdida de la fijación. Al levantar el cadáver se generaron momentos de flexión en sentido lateral con brazos de palanca de 80 cm de largo, por lo que la prótesis fue demandada en su punto más vulnerable con una fuerza de aproximadamente 588 N. Con la rotación, flexión y extensión forzadas, la estabilidad se conservó y no se visualizó movimiento del implante. Se colocó el dispositivo en una mujer de 50 años con cáncer metastásico de tiroides que afectaba L3. El dolor mejoró en el postoperatorio inmediato, así como su función motora que le permitió caminar con una columna estable e indolora por siete años. No se observó fracaso del implante. CONCLUSIÓN: la función dual de jaula y placa integrada en la prótesis de cuerpo vertebral establece una ventaja mecánica comparada con la función de la jaula y de la placa separadamente, ya que el diseño de la prótesis permite aplicar fuerza axial y fijación lateral al mismo tiempo, a través de solo un implante. Los resultados de la colocación del implante en paciente son satisfactorios.